Linear LED illumination device with improved color mixing

ABSTRACT

A linear multi-color LED illumination device that produces uniform color throughout the output light beam without the use of excessively large optics or optical losses is disclosed herein. Embodiments for improving color mixing in the linear illumination device include, but are not limited to, a shallow dome encapsulating a plurality of emission LEDs within an emitter module, a unique arrangement of a plurality of such emitter modules in a linear light form factor, and special reflectors designed to improve color mixing between the plurality of emitter modules. In addition to improved color mixing, the illumination device includes a light detector and optical feedback for maintaining precise and uniform color over time and/or with changes in temperature. The light detector is encapsulated within the shallow dome along with the emission LEDs and is positioned to capture the greatest amount of light reflected by the dome from the LED having the shortest emission wavelength.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 9,360,174, issuedon Jun. 7, 2016 from U.S. application Ser. No. 14/097,339, filed Dec. 5,2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to the following applications: U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/097,355, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,146,028; U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 13/970,944; now issued as U.S. Pat. No.9,237,620; 13/970,964; 13/970,990; 12/803,805; and 12/806,118 now issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 8,772,336; each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the addition of color mixing optics and opticalfeedback to produce uniform color throughout the output light beam of amulti-color linear LED illumination device.

2. Description of Related Art

Multi-color linear LED illumination devices (also referred to herein aslights, luminaires or lamps) have been commercially available for manyyears. Typical applications for linear LED illumination devices includewall washing in which a chain of lights attempt to uniformly illuminatea large portion of a wall, and cove lighting in which a chain of lightstypically illuminates a large portion of a ceiling Multi-color linearLED lights often comprise red, green, and blue LEDs, however, someproducts use some combination of red, green, blue, white, and amberLEDs.

A multi-color linear LED illumination device typically includes one ormore high power LEDs, which are mounted on a substrate and covered by ahemispherical silicone dome in a conventional package. The light outputfrom the LED package is typically lambertian, which means that the LEDpackage emits light in all directions. In most cases, Total InternalReflection (TIR) secondary optical elements are used to extract thelight emitted from a conventional LED package and focus that light intoa desired beam. In order to extract the maximum amount of light, the TIRoptics must have a specific shape relative to the dome of the LEDpackage. Other dimensions of the TIR optics determine the shape of theemitted light beam.

Some multi-color linear LED light products comprise individuallypackaged LEDs and individual TIR optics for each LED. In order for thelight emitted from the different colored LED emitters to mix properly,the light beams from each individual color LED must overlap. However,because the LEDs are spaced centimeters apart, the beams will overlapand the colors will mix only in the far field, at some distance awayfrom the linear light. At a very close range to the linear light, thebeams will be separate and the different colors are clearly visible.Although such a product may exhibit good color mixing in the far field,it does not exhibit good color mixing in the near field.

Other multi-color linear LED light products use red, green, and blueLEDs packaged together with a single TIR optic attached to each RGB LEDpackage. These RGB LED packages typically comprise an array of three orfour LEDs, which are placed as close together as possible on a substrateand the entire array is covered by one hemispherical dome. In productsthat use one TIR optical element for each multi-color LED package, thereis not necessarily a need for the beams from the different TIR opticalelements to overlap for the colors to mix. Therefore, such products tendto have better near field color mixing than products that useindividually packaged LEDs.

However, depending on the size of the primary and secondary optics, thefar field color mixing may actually be worse in products that packagemultiple colors of LEDs together. Since the different colored LEDs arein physically different locations within the hemispherical siliconedome, the light radiated from the dome, and therefore, from the TIRoptical element will not be perfectly mixed. Although larger domes andlarger TIR optical elements may be used to provide better color mixing,there are practical limits to the size of these components, andconsequently, to the near and far field color mixing provided by such anapproach.

An alternative optical system, although not commonly used, for colormixing and beam shaping in multi-color LED linear lights usesreflectors. In some cases, the light from a plurality of multi-coloredLED emitter packages are mixed by a diffusion element and shaped by aconcave reflector that redirects the light beams down a wall. Thediffusion element could be combined with an exit lens or could be ashell diffuser placed over the multi-color emitter packages, forinstance. Alternatively, the system could use a shell diffuser and adiffused exit lens. Although such systems can achieve very good colormixing in both the near and the far field, there is a tradeoff betweencolor mixing and optical efficiency. As the amount of diffusionincreases, the color mixing improves, but the optical efficiencydecreases as the diffuser absorbs and scatters more light.

As LEDs age, the light output at a given drive current changes. Overthousands of hours, the light output from any individual LED maydecrease by approximately 10-25% or more. The amount of degradationvaries with drive current, temperature, color, and random defectdensity. As such, the different colored LEDs in a multi-color LED lightwill age differently, which changes the color of the light produced bythe illumination device over time. A high quality multi-color LED lightthat can maintain precise color points over time should have the meansto measure the light output from each color component, and adjust thedrive current to compensate for changes. Further, a multi-color linearlight should have the means to measure the light produced by each set ofcolored LEDs independent from other sets to prevent part of the linearlight from producing a different color than other parts.

Multi-color LED linear lights with TIR optics on each individual LEDcannot achieve good color mixing in the near field. Multi-color LEDlinear lights that combine a multi-color LED package with a TIR opticalelement require a large TIR optical element to achieve good color mixingin the near and far fields. Multi-color LED linear lights that useconventional diffusers and reflectors to achieve good color mixing inboth the near and the far field suffer optical losses. As such, there isa need for an improved optical system for multi-color LED linear lightsthat provides good color mixing in the near and far fields, is notexcessively large and expensive, and has good optical efficiency.Further, there is a need for an optical feedback system to maintainprecise color in such linear lights. The invention described hereinprovides a solution.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A linear multi-color LED illumination device that produces a light beamwith uniform color throughout the output beam without the use ofexcessively large optics or optical losses is disclosed herein. Inaddition to improved color mixing, the illumination device includes alight detector and optical feedback for maintaining precise and uniformcolor over time and/or with changes in temperature. The illuminationdevice described herein may also be referred to as a light, luminaire orlamp.

Various embodiments are disclosed herein for improving color mixing in alinear multi-color LED illumination device. These embodiments include,but are not limited to, a uniquely configured dome encapsulating aplurality of emission LEDs and a light detector within an emittermodule, a unique arrangement of the light detector relative to theemission LEDs within the dome, a unique arrangement of a plurality ofsuch emitter modules in a linear light form factor, and reflectors thatare specially designed to improve color mixing between the plurality ofemitter modules. The embodiments disclosed herein may be utilizedtogether or separately, and a variety of features and variations can beimplemented, as desired, to achieve optimum color mixing results. Inaddition, related systems and methods can be utilized with theembodiments disclosed herein to provide additional advantages orfeatures. Although the various embodiments disclosed herein aredescribed as being implemented in a linear light form factor, certainfeatures of the disclosed embodiments may be utilized in illuminationdevices having other form factors to improve the color mixing in thosedevices.

According to one embodiment, an illumination device is disclosed hereinas including a plurality of LED emitter modules, which are spaced apartfrom each other and arranged in a line. Each emitter module may includea plurality of emission LEDs whose output beams combine to provide awide color gamut and a wide range of precise white color temperaturesalong the black body curve. For example, each emitter module may includefour different colors of emission LEDs, such as red, green, blue, andwhite LEDs. In such an example, the red, green, and blue emission LEDsmay provide saturated colors, while a combination of light from the RGBLEDs and a phosphor converted white LED provide a range of whites andpastel colors. However, the emitter modules described herein are notlimited to any particular number and/or color of emission LEDs, and maygenerally include a plurality of emission LEDs, which include at leasttwo different colors of LEDs. The plurality of LEDs may be arranged in atwo-dimensional array (e.g., a square array), mounted on a substrate(e.g., a ceramic substrate), and encapsulated within a dome.

In some embodiments, the linear illumination device may comprise sixemitter modules per foot, and each emitter module may be rotatedapproximately 120 degrees relative to the next adjacent emitter module.The rotation of subsequent emitters in the line improves color mixingbetween adjacent emitter modules to some degree. Although such anarrangement has been shown to provide sufficient lumen output, efficacy,and color mixing, one skilled in the art would understand how theinventive concepts described herein can be applied to other combinationsof LED numbers/colors per emitter module, alternative numbers of LEDemitter modules per foot, and other angular rotations between emittermodules without departing from the scope of the invention.

In general, an illumination device in accordance with the presentinvention may include at least a first emitter module, a second emittermodule, and a third emitter module arranged in a line, wherein thesecond emitter module is spaced equally distant between the first andthird emitter modules. To improve color mixing, the second emittermodule may be rotated X degrees relative to the first emitter module,and the third emitter module may be rotated 2X degrees relative to thefirst emitter module. X may be substantially any rotational angle equalto 360 degrees divided by an integer N, where N is greater than or equalto 3.

In some embodiments, color mixing may be further improved by coveringeach emitter module with an optically transmissive dome, whose shallowor flattened shape allows a significant amount of light emitted by theLED array to escape out of the side of the emitter module. For example,a shallow dome may be formed with a radius in a plane of the LED arraythat is about 20-30% larger than the radius of the curvature of theshallow dome. Such a shape may enable approximately 40% of the lightemitted by the LED array to exit the shallow dome at small angles (e.g.,approximately 0 to 30 degrees) relative to the plane of the LED array.

In some embodiments, color mixing may be further improved by theinclusion of a specially designed reflector, which is suspended abovethe plurality of emitter modules. The reflector comprises a plurality oflouvers, each of which may be centered upon and suspended a spaceddistance above a different one of the emitter modules. These louverscomprise a substantially circular shape with sloping sidewalls, whichare angled so that a top diameter of the louver is substantially largerthan a bottom diameter of the louver. The louvers are configured tofocus a majority of the light emitted by the emitter modules into anoutput beam by configuring the bottom diameter of the louvers to besubstantially larger than the diameter of the emitter modules. In somecases, the sloping sidewalls of the louvers may include a plurality ofplanar facets, which randomize the direction of light rays reflectedfrom the planar facets.

By suspending the louvers a spaced distance above the emitter modules,the louvers allow the portion of the light that emanates sideways fromadjacent emitter modules to mix underneath the louvers before that lightis redirected out of the illumination device through an exit lens. Insome embodiments, the louvers may be suspended approximately 5 mm toapproximately 10 mm above the emitter modules. Other distances may beappropriate depending on the particular design of the emitter modulesand the louvers.

In some embodiments, an exit lens may be provided with a combination ofdifferently textured surfaces and/or patterns on opposing sides of thelens to further promote color mixing. For example, an internal surfaceof the exit lens may comprise a flat roughened surface that diffuses thelight passing through the exit lens. An external surface of the exitlens may comprise an array of micro-lenses, or lenslets, to furtherscatter the light rays and shape the output beam.

In some embodiments, each emitter module may also comprise a detector,which is configured to detect light emitted by the emission LEDs. Thedetector is mounted onto the substrate and encapsulated within theshallow dome, along with the emission LEDs, and may be an orange, red oryellow LED, in one embodiment. Regardless of color, the detector LED ispreferably placed so as to receive the greatest amount of reflectedlight from the emission LED having the shortest wavelength. For example,the emission LEDs may include red, green, blue and white LEDs arrangedin a square array, in one embodiment. In this embodiment, the detectorLED is least sensitive to the shortest wavelength emitter LED, i.e., theblue LED. For this reason, the detector LED is positioned on the side ofthe array that is furthest from the blue LED, so as to receive thegreatest amount of light reflected off the dome from the blue LED. Insome cases, the dome may have a diffuse or textured surface, whichincreases the amount of light that is reflected off the surface of thedome back towards the detector LED.

In addition to the emitter modules, the illumination device describedherein includes a plurality of driver circuits coupled to the pluralityof LEDs for supplying drive currents thereto. During a compensationperiod, the plurality of driver circuits are configured to supply drivecurrents to the plurality of emission LEDs, one LED at a time, so thatthe detector LED can detect the light emitted by each individual LED. Areceiver is coupled to the detector LED for monitoring the light emittedby each individual LED and detected by the detector LED during thecompensation period. In some embodiments, the receiver may comprise atrans-impedance amplifier that detects the amount of light produced byeach individual LED. Control logic is coupled to the receiver and thedriver circuits for controlling the drive currents produced by thedriver circuits based on the amount of light detected from each LED. Insome embodiments, the control logic may use optical and/or temperaturemeasurements obtained from the emission LEDs to adjust the color and/orintensity of the light produced by the illumination device over timeand/or with changes in temperature.

Various other patents and patent applications assigned to the assignee,including U.S. Publication No. 2010/0327764, describe means forperiodically turning all but one emission LED off during thecompensation period, so that the light produced by each emission LED canbe individually measured. Other patent applications assigned to theassignee, including U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/970,944;13/970,964; and 13/970,990 describe means for measuring a temperature ofthe LEDs and adjusting the intensity of light emitted by the LEDs tocompensate for changes in temperature. These commonly assigned patentsand patent applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.The invention described herein utilizes the assignee's earlier work andimproves upon the optical measurements by placing the detector LEDwithin the dome, and away from the shortest wavelength LED, to ensurethe light for all emission LEDs is properly detected.

Any detector in a multi-color light source with optical feedback shouldbe placed to minimize interference from external light sources. Thisinvention places the detectors within the silicone dome to preventinterference from external sources and other emitter modules within thelinear light. The detectors are preferably red, orange or yellow LEDs,but could comprise silicon diodes or any other type of light detector.However, red, orange or yellow detector LEDs are preferable over silicondiodes, since silicon diodes are sensitive to infrared as well asvisible light, while LEDs are sensitive to only visible light.

In some embodiments, the illumination device may further include anemitter housing, a power supply housing coupled to the emitter housingand at least one mounting bracket for mounting the illumination deviceto a surface (e.g., a wall or ceiling) The emitter modules, thereflector and the driver circuits described above reside within theemitter housing. The exit lens is mounted above the reflector andattached to sidewalls of the emitter housing. In some embodiments, thepower supply housing may be coupled to a bottom surface of the emitterhousing and comprises an orifice through which a power cable may berouted and connected to a power converter housed within the power supplyhousing. In some embodiments, a special hinge mechanism may be coupledbetween the emitter housing and the at least one mounting bracket. Asdescribed in the commonly assigned co-pending U.S. application Ser. No.14/097,335, the hinge mechanism allows the emitter housing to rotateapproximately 180 degrees relative to the mounting bracket around arotational axis of the hinge mechanism. The co-pending application ishereby incorporated in its entirety.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent uponreading the following detailed description and upon reference to theaccompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a picture of an exemplary full color gamut linear LED light.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary illustration of the rotating hinges shown in FIG.1.

FIG. 3 provides additional illustration of the rotating hingecomponents.

FIG. 4 is a picture of exemplary components that may be included withinthe full color gamut linear LED light of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary block diagram of circuitry that may be includedon the driver board and the emitter board of the exemplary full colorgamut linear LED light of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary block diagram of the interface circuitry andemitter module of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an exemplary color gamut that may beproduced by the linear LED light on a CIE1931 color chart.

FIG. 8 is a photograph of an exemplary LED emitter module comprising aplurality of emission LEDs and a detector LED mounted on a substrate andencapsulated in a shallow dome.

FIG. 9 is a side view drawing of the LED emitter module of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10A is a drawing of an exemplary LED emitter module depicting adesirable placement of the emission LEDs and the detector LED within thedome, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10B is a drawing of an exemplary LED emitter module depictinganother desirable placement of the emission LEDs and the detector LEDwithin the dome, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a photograph of an exemplary emitter board comprising aplurality of LED emitter modules, wherein sets of the modules arerotated relative to each other to promote color mixing.

FIG. 12 is a photograph of an exemplary emitter board, emitter housingand reflector for a full color gamut linear LED light with a 120 degreebeam angle.

FIG. 13 is a photograph of an exemplary emitter board, emitter housingand a reflector for a full color gamut linear LED light with a 60 degreebeam angle.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary ray diagram illustrating how the shallow dome ofthe emitter modules and the reflector of FIG. 13 enable light rays fromadjacent emitter modules to mix together to promote color mixing.

FIG. 15 is an exemplary drawing providing a close up view of one of theemitter modules and floating louvers shown in FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is an exemplary drawing of an exit lens comprising a pluralityof lenslets formed on an external surface of the lens, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 17 is an exemplary ray diagram illustrating the effect that theexit lens shown in FIG. 16 has on the output beam when the plurality oflenslets formed on the external surface is combined with a texturedinternal surface.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. Itshould be understood, however, that the drawings and detaileddescription thereto are not intended to limit the invention to theparticular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within thespirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appendedclaims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a picture of a linear LED lamp10, according to one embodiment of the invention. As described in moredetail below, linear LED lamp 10 produces light over a wide color gamut,thoroughly mixes the color components within the output beam, and usesan optical feedback system to maintain precise color over LED lifetime,and in some cases, with changes in temperature. The linear LED lamp 10shown in FIG. 1 is powered by the AC mains, but may be powered byalternative power sources without departing from the scope of theinvention. The light beam produced by LED lamp 10 can be symmetric orasymmetric, and can have a variety of beam angles including, but notlimited to, 120×120, 60×60, and 60×30. If an asymmetric beam is desired,the asymmetric beam typically has a wider beam angle across the lengthof the lamp.

In general, LED lamp 10 comprises emitter housing 11, power supplyhousing 12, and rotating hinges 13. As shown more clearly in FIG. 4, anddiscussed below, emitter housing 11 comprises a plurality of LED drivercircuits, a plurality of LED emitter modules and a reflector, which ismounted a spaced distance above the emitter modules for focusing thelight emitted by the emitter modules. The power supply housing 12comprises an AC/DC converter powered by the AC mains, in one embodiment.Rotating hinges 13 allow both emitter housing 11 and power supplyhousing 12 to rotate 180 degrees relative to a pair of mounting brackets14, which provides installation flexibility. Although a pair of mountingbrackets 14 are shown in FIG. 1, alternative embodiments of the LED lampmay include a greater or lesser number of brackets, as desired.

In linear lighting fixtures, such as LED lamp 10, one major designrequirement is to have the power cable enter and exit through the axisof rotation. This requirement allows adjacent lighting fixtures to beindependently adjusted, while maintaining a constant distance betweenconnection points of adjacent lighting fixtures. However, thisrequirement complicates the design of the rotational hinges used inlinear lighting, as it prevents the hinges from both rotating andpassing power through the same central axis. LED lamp 10 solves thisproblem by moving the rotational components of the hinge off-axis, andjoining the rotational components to the central axis with a swing armto a rack and pinion gear assembly. An embodiment of such a solution isshown in FIGS. 2-3 and described below.

As shown in FIG. 2, each rotating hinge 13 may include a swing arm 15,an end cap 17 and a hinge element 16. The end cap 17 may be configuredwith a flat upper surface for attachment to the emitter housing 11 and asemi-circular inner surface comprising a plurality of teeth. One end ofthe swing arm 15 is securely mounted onto the mounting bracket 14 of thelinear LED lamp 10. In some embodiments, the swing arm 15 can be securedto the mounting bracket 14 by way of screws 19, as shown in FIG. 3.However, alternative means of attachment may be used in otherembodiments of the invention. An opposite end of the swing arm 15 iscoupled near the flat upper surface of the end cap 17 and is centeredabout the rotational axis of the hinge mechanism. The opposite end ofthe swing arm comprises a cable exit gland 18, which is aligned with theorifice of the power supply housing for routing the power cable into thepower supply housing at the rotational axis of the hinge mechanism.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, swing arm 15 houses a hinge element 16 thatprovides an amount of resistance needed to secure the lamp 10 insubstantially any rotational position within a 180 degree range ofmotion. The hinge element 16 extends outward from within the swing arm15 and generally comprises a position holding gear, which is configuredto interface with the toothed end cap 17 of the linear LED lamp 10. Insome embodiments, the hinge element 16 may further comprise a constanttorque element that provides a substantially consistent amount of torqueto the position holding gear, regardless of whether the position holdinggear is stationary or in motion. In other embodiments, the constanttorque element may be replaced with a high static energy/low kineticenergy rotational element to enable easier rotational adjustment, whilestill providing the necessary resistance to hold the lamp 10 in thedesired rotational position.

The rotating hinge 13 shown in FIGS. 2-3 enables electrical wiring(e.g., a power cable) to be routed through the rotational axis of therotating hinge 13 and to enter/exit the hinge at the cable exit gland18. In some embodiments, a strain relief member (e.g., a nylon bushing)may be provided at the cable exit gland 18 to reduce the amount ofstrain applied to the electrical wiring in response to rotationalmovement about the rotational axis.

Unlike conventional lighting devices, the present invention providesboth power and rotation through the same axis by positioning therotational components of the hinge 13 (i.e., the hinge element 16 andend cap 17) away from the rotational axis of the hinge mechanism. Thisis achieved, in one embodiment, by positioning the position holding gearof the hinge element 16 so that it travels around the semi-circularinner surface of the end cap 17 in an arc, whose radius is a fixeddistance (d) away from the rotational axis of the hinge 13.

FIG. 4 is a photograph of various components that may be included withinLED lamp 10, such as a power supply board 20, emitter housing 11,emitter board 21, 120×120 degree reflector 22, 60×60 degree reflector23, and exit lens 24. Although two reflectors are shown in thephotograph of FIG. 4, the assembled LED lamp 10 would include either the120×120 degree reflector 22 or the 60×60 degree reflector 23, but notboth. Power supply board 20 connects the LED lamp 10 to the AC mains(not shown) and resides in power supply housing 12 (shown in FIG. 1).Power supply board 20 provides DC power and control to emitter board 21,which comprises the emitter modules and driver circuits. Emitter board21 resides inside emitter housing 11 and is covered by either reflector22 or reflector 23. The exit lens 24 is mounted above the reflector22/23 and attached to the sidewalls of the emitter housing 11. As shownin FIG. 1, the exit lens 24 is configured such that the external surfaceof the lens is substantially flush with the top of the sidewalls of theemitter housing. As described in more detail below, exit lens 24 maycomprise an array of small lenses (or lenslets) on the external surfaceof the exit lens to improve color mixing and beam shape.

FIGS. 1 and 4 illustrate one possible set of components for a linear LEDlamp 10, in accordance with the present invention. Other embodiments oflinear LED lights could have substantially different components and/ordimensions for different applications. For instance, if LED lamp 10 wasused for outdoor wall washing, the mechanics, optics and dimensionscould be significantly different than those shown in FIGS. 1 and 4. Assuch FIGS. 1 and 4 provide just one example of a linear LED lamp.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary block diagram for the circuitry included on powersupply board 20 and emitter board 21. Power supply board 20 comprisesAC/DC converter 30 and controller 31. AC/DC converter 30 converters ACmains power to a DC voltage of typically 15-20V, which is then used topower controller 31 and emitter board 21. Each such block may furtherregulate the DC voltage from AC/DC converter 30 to lower voltages aswell. Controller 31 communicates with emitter board 21 through a digitalcontrol bus, in this example. Controller 31 could comprise a wireless,powerline, or any other type of communication interface to enable thecolor of LED lamp 10 to be adjusted. In the illustrated embodiment,emitter board 21 comprises six emitter modules 33 and six interfacecircuits 32. Interface circuits 32 communicate with controller 31 overthe digital control bus and produce the drive currents supplied to theLEDs within the emitter modules 33.

FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary circuitry that may be included withininterface circuitry 32 and emitter modules 33. Interface circuitry 32comprises control logic 34, LED drivers 35, and receiver 36. Emittermodule 33 comprises emission LEDs 37 and a detector 38. Control logic 34may comprise a microcontroller or special logic, and communicates withcontroller 31 over the digital control bus. Control logic 34 also setsthe drive current produced by LED drivers 35 to adjust the color and/orintensity of the light produced by emission LEDs 37, and managesreceiver 36 to monitor the light produced by each individual LED 37 viadetector 38. In some embodiments, control logic 34 may comprise memoryfor storing calibration information necessary for maintaining precisecolor, or alternatively, such information could be stored in controller31.

According to one embodiment, LED drivers 35 may comprise step down DC toDC converters that provide substantially constant current to theemission LEDs 37. Emission LEDs 37, in this example, may comprise white,blue, green, and red LEDs, but could include substantially any othercombination of colors. LED drivers 35 typically supply differentcurrents (levels or duty cycles) to each emission LED 37 to produce thedesired overall color output from LED lamp 10. In some embodiments, LEDdrivers 35 may measure the temperature of the emission LEDs 37 throughmechanisms described, e.g., in pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.13/970,944; 13/970,964; 13/970,990; and may periodically turn off allLEDs but one to perform optical measurements during a compensationperiod. The optical and temperature measurements obtained from theemission LEDs 37 may then be used to adjust the color and/or intensityof the light produced by the linear LED lamp 10 over time and withchanges in temperature.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an exemplary color gamut produced with thered, green, blue, and white emission LEDs 37 included within linear LEDlamp 10. Points 40, 41, 42, and 43 represent the color produced by thered, green, blue, and white LEDs 37 individually. The lines 44, 45, and46 represent the boundaries of the colors that this example LED lamp 10could produce. All colors within the triangle formed by 44, 45, and 46can be produced by LED lamp 10.

FIG. 7 is just one example of a possible color gamut that can beproduced with a particular combination of multi-colored LEDs.Alternative color gamuts can be produced with different LED colorcombinations. For instance, the green LED within LEDs 37 could bereplaced with another phosphor converted LED to produce a higher lumenoutput over a smaller color gamut. Such phosphor converted LEDs couldhave a chromaticity in the range of (0.4, 0.5) which is commonly used inwhite plus red LED lamps. Additionally, cyan or yellow LEDs could beadded to expand the color gamut. As such, FIG. 7 illustrates just oneexemplary color gamut that could be produced with LED lamp 10.

Detector 38 may be any device, such as a silicon photodiode or an LED,that produces current indicative of incident light. In at least oneembodiment, however, detector 38 is preferably an LED with a peakemission wavelength in the range of approximately 550 nm to 700 nm. Adetector 38 with such a peak emission wavelength will not producephotocurrent in response to infrared light, which reduces interferencefrom ambient light. In at least one preferred embodiment, detector 38may comprise a small red, orange or yellow LED.

Referring back to FIG. 6, detector 38 is connected to a receiver 36.Receiver 36 may comprise a trans-impedance amplifier that convertsphotocurrent to a voltage that may be digitized by an ADC and used bycontrol logic 34 to adjust the drive currents, which are supplied to theemission LEDs 37 by the LED drivers 35. In some embodiments, receiver 36may further be used to measure the temperature of detector 38 throughmechanisms described, e.g., in pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.13/970,944, 13/970,964, 13/970,990. This temperature measurement may beused, in some embodiments, to adjust the color and/or intensity of thelight produced by the linear LED lamp 10 over changes in temperature.

FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are just examples of many possible block diagrams forpower supply board 20, emitter board 21, interface circuitry 32, andemitter module 33. In other embodiments, interface circuitry 32 could beconfigured to drive more or less LEDs 37, or may have multiple receiverchannels. In yet other embodiments, emitter board 21 could be powered bya DC voltage, and as such, would not need AC/DC converter 30. Emittermodule 33 could have more or less LEDs 37 configured in more or lesschains, or more or less LEDs per chain. As such, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 arejust examples.

FIGS. 8-9 depict an exemplary emitter module 33 that may be used toimprove color mixing in the linear LED lamp 10. As shown in FIG. 8,emitter module 33 may include an array of four emission LEDs 37 and adetector 38, all of which are mounted on a common substrate 70 andencapsulated in a dome 71. In one embodiment, the substrate 70 may be aceramic substrate formed from an aluminum nitride or an aluminum oxidematerial (or some other reflective material) and may generally functionto improve output efficiency by reflecting light back out of the emittermodule 33.

The dome 71 may comprise substantially any optically transmissivematerial, such as silicone or the like, and may be formed through anovermolding process, for example. In some embodiments, a surface of thedome 71 may be lightly textured to increase light scattering and promotecolor mixing, as well as to reflect a small amount (e.g., about 5%) ofthe emitted light back toward the detector 38 mounted on the substrate70. The size of the dome 71 (i.e., the diameter of the dome in the planeof the LEDs) is generally dependent on the size of the LED array.However, it is generally desired that the diameter of the dome besubstantially larger (e.g., about 1.5 to 4 times larger) than thediameter of the LED array to prevent occurrences of total internalreflection. As described in more detail below, the size and shape (orcurvature) of the dome 71 is specifically designed to enhance colormixing between the plurality of emitter modules 33.

FIG. 9 depicts a side view of the emitter module 33 to illustrate adesired shape of the dome 71, according to one embodiment of theinvention. As noted above, conventional emitter modules typicallyinclude a dome with a hemispherical shape, in which the radius of thedome in the plane of the LED array is the same as the radius of thecurvature of dome. As shown in FIG. 9, dome 71 does not have theconventional hemispherical shape, and instead, is a much flatter orshallower dome. In general, the radius (r_(dome)) of the shallow dome 71in the plane of the LED array is approximately 20-30% larger than theradius (r_(curve)) of the curvature of dome 71.

In one example, the radius (r_(dome)) of the shallow dome 71 in theplane of the LEDs may be approximately 4.8 mm and the radius (r_(curve))of the dome curvature may be approximately 3.75 mm. The ratio of the tworadii (4.8/3.75) is 1.28, which has been shown to provide the bestbalance between color mixing and efficiency for at least one particularcombination and size of LEDs. However, one skilled in the art wouldunderstand how alternative radii and ratios may be used to achieve thesame or similar color mixing results.

By configuring the dome 71 with a substantially flatter shape, the dome71 shown in FIGS. 8-9 allows a larger portion of the emitted light toemanate sideways from the emitter module 33. Stated another way, ashallower dome 71 allows a significant portion of the emitted light toexit the dome at small angles (α_(side)) relative to the horizontalplane of the LED array. In one example, the shallower dome 71 may allowapproximately 40% of the light emitted by the array of LEDs 37 to exitthe shallow dome at approximately 0 to 30 degrees relative to thehorizontal plane of the LED array. In comparison, a conventionalhemispherical dome may allow only 25% (or less) of the emitted light toexit between 0 and 30 degrees. As described in more detail below withreference to FIGS. 14-15, the shallow dome 71 shown in FIGS. 8-9improves color mixing in the linear LED lamp 10 by allowing asignificant portion (e.g., 40%) of the light emitted from the sides ofadjacent emitter modules to intermix before that light is reflected backout of the lamp.

FIGS. 10A-10B are exemplary drawings of the emitter module 33 shown inFIGS. 8-9 including emission LEDs 37 and detector 38 within shallow dome71. As shown in FIGS. 10A-10B, the four differently colored (e.g., red,green, blue and white) emission LEDs 37 are arranged in a square arrayand are placed as close as possible together in the center of the dome71, so as to approximate a centrally located point source. As notedabove, it is generally desired that the diameter (d_(dome)) of the dome71 in the plane of the LEDs is substantially larger than the diameter(d_(array)) of the LED array to prevent occurrences of total internalreflection. In one example, the diameter (d_(dome)) of the dome 71 inthe plane of the LEDs may be approximately 7.5 mm and the diameter(d_(array)) of the LED array may be approximately 2.5 mm. Otherdimensions may be appropriate in other embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 10A-10B also illustrate exemplary placements of the detector 38relative to the array of emission LEDs 37 within the shallow dome 71. Asshown in the embodiment of FIG. 10A, the detector 38 may be placedclosest to, and in the middle of, the edge of the array that is furthestfrom the short wavelength emitters. In this example, the shortwavelength emitters are the green and blue LEDs positioned at the top ofthe array, and the detector 38 is an orange LED, which is leastsensitive to blue light. Although somewhat counterintuitive, it isdesirable to place the detector 38 as far away as possible from the blueLED so as to gather the most light reflected off the surface of theshallow dome 71 from the blue LED. As noted above, a surface of the dome71 may be lightly textured, in some embodiments, so as to increase theamount of emitted light that is reflected back to the detector 38.

FIG. 10B illustrates an alternative placement for the detector 38 withinthe shallow dome 71. In some embodiments, the best place for thedetector 38 to capture the most light from the blue LED may be on theother side of the array, and diagonally across from, the blue LED. Inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 10B, the detector 38 is preferably placedsomewhere between the dome 71 and a corner of the red LED. Since thegreen LED produces at least 10× the photocurrent as the blue LED on theorange detector, FIG. 10B represents an ideal location for an orangedetector 38 in relation to the particular RGBW array 37 described above.However, the detector 38 may be positioned as shown in FIG. 10A, withoutsacrificing detection accuracy, if there is insufficient space betweenthe dome 71 and the corner of the red LED, as shown in FIG. 10B.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary emitter board 21 comprising six emittermodules 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 arranged in a line. Each of theemitter modules shown in FIG. 11 may be identical to the emitter module33 shown in FIGS. 8-10 and described above. FIG. 11 illustrates apreferred method for altering the orientation of emitter modules, orsets of emitter modules, to further improve color mixing there between.In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the orientation of emitter modules 102 and105 (i.e., a first set of emitter modules) is the same, the orientationof emitter modules 101 and 104 (i.e., a second set of emitter modules)is the same, and the orientation of emitter modules 100 and 103 (i.e., athird set of emitter modules) is the same. However, the orientation ofthe second set of emitter modules 101 and 104 is rotated 120 degreesfrom that of the first set of emitter modules 102 and 105. Likewise, theorientation of the third set of emitter modules 100 and 103 is rotated120 degrees from that of the second set of emitter modules 101 and 104,and 240 degrees from the first set of emitter modules 102 and 105. Thisrotation in combination with the shallow curvature of dome 71 enablesthe various colors of light produced by the plurality of emitter modules100, 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 to thoroughly mix.

FIG. 11 is just one example of an emitter board 21 that may be used toimprove color mixing in a linear LED lamp 10. Although the emitter board21 is depicted in FIG. 11 with six emitter modules spaced approximately2 inches apart, an emitter board 21 in accordance with the presentinvention could have substantially any number of emitter modules spacedsubstantially any distance apart. In embodiment shown in FIG. 11, threesets of emitter modules are rotated 120 degrees from each other. Inother embodiments, however, one or more of the emitter modules could berotated by any amount provided that the emitter modules on the emitterboard 21 make an integer number of rotations along the length of emitterboard 21.

For example, each emitter module may be rotated an additional X degreesfrom a preceding emitter module in the line. Generally speaking, X is arotational angle equal to 360 degrees divided by an integer N, where Nis greater than or equal to 3. The number N is dependent on the numberof emitter modules included on the emitter board. For instance, with sixemitter modules, each module could be rotated 60 or 120 degrees from thepreceding emitter module. With eight emitter modules, each module couldbe rotated an additional 45 or 90 degrees. For best color mixing, therotational angle X should be equal to 360 degrees divided by three orfour depending on how many emitter modules are included on the emitterboard 21.

FIG. 12 is a photograph of the emitter board 21 and reflector 22 placedwithin the emitter housing 11 of the linear LED lamp 10. In particular,FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary placement of the emitter modules 33 andreflector 22 within emitter housing 11 for 120×120 degree beamapplications. As noted above with regard to FIG. 11, each set of emittermodules 33 (e.g., modules 102/105, 101/104 and 100/103 shown in FIG. 11)may be rotated 120 degrees relative to each other to improve colormixing. In the embodiment of FIG. 12, the reflector 22 comprises ahighly reflective material (e.g., vacuum metalized aluminum) that coversthe entire inside of the emitter housing 11 except for the emittermodules 33. The reflector 22 used in this embodiment improves theoverall optical efficiency of the lamp 10 by reflecting light scatteredoff the exit lens The rotation of the emitter modules 33, the shallowdome 71, and the shape of the exit lens 24 (discussed below) allcontribute to produce thorough color mixing throughout the 120×120 beamin this example.

FIG. 13 is a photograph of the emitter board 21 and reflector 23 placedwithin the emitter housing 11. In particular, FIG. 13 illustrates anexemplary placement of the emitter modules 33 and reflector 23 withinemitter housing 11 for 60×60 degree beam applications. As in FIG. 12,the sets of emitter modules 33 may be rotated 120 degrees relative toeach other to improve color mixing. Like reflector 22, reflector 23 alsocomprises a highly reflective material (e.g., vacuum metalized aluminum)to improve optical efficiency, however, reflector 23 additionallyincludes a plurality of louvers, each of which is centered around andsuspended above a different one of the emitter modules 33. As depictedmore clearly in FIGS. 14-15, the louvers are attached to the reflector23 only on the sides and ends, and are open below. The space between theemitter modules 33 and the bottom of the louvers allows light emittedsideways from the emitter modules 33 to intermix to improve coloruniformity in the output beam.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary ray diagram illustrating the color mixing effectbetween emitter modules 100-105 and reflector 23. As shown in FIG. 14,louvers 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 are individually centered uponand positioned above a different emitter module. The louvers 110-115focus a majority of the light emitted from the emitter modules 100-105into an output beam, but allow some of the light that emanates from theside of the emitter modules 100-105 to mix with light from other emittermodules. For example, louver 112 focuses most of the light emitted fromemitter module 102 into the output beam, however, some rays from emittermodule 102 are reflected by louvers 111, 113, and 115. Likewise, louver113 focuses most of the light emitted from emitter module 103; however,some rays from emitter module 103 are reflected by louvers 110, 112, and114. The exemplary ray diagram of FIG. 14 illustrates only a limitednumber of rays. In reality, each louver 110-115 reflects some light fromall emitter modules 100-105, which significantly improves color mixingin the resulting beam.

FIG. 15 illustrates a cross section of a portion of the exemplary 60×60degree reflector 23 comprising louver 110 and emitter module 100. Louver110 is attached to both lateral sides of reflector 23. The same is truefor louvers 111-115. Additionally, louvers 110 and 115 are attached tothe ends of reflector 23. In some embodiments, the louvers 110-115 maybe attached to the sidewalls and ends of the reflector 23 by forming thelouvers and reflector as one integral piece (e.g., by a moldingprocess). Other means for attachment may be used in other embodiments ofthe invention.

The overall shape and size of the louvers 110-115 determine the shape,and to some extent the color, of the output beam. As shown in FIGS.13-15, each louver has a substantially round or circular shape withsloping sidewalls. As shown in FIG. 15, the sidewalls of the louvers areangled outward, such that the diameter at the bottom of the louver(d_(bottom)) is substantially smaller than the diameter at the top ofthe louver (d_(top)). It is generally desired that the louvers 110-115be substantially larger than the emitter modules 100-105, so that thelouvers may focus a majority of the light emitted by the emitter modulesinto an output beam. As noted above, the diameter of the emitter module(d_(emit)) may be about 7.5 mm, in one embodiment. In such anembodiment, the bottom diameter (d_(bottom)) of the louver may be about35 mm and the top diameter (d_(top)) of the louver may be about 42 mm.Other dimensions and shapes may be appropriate in other embodiments ofthe invention. In one alternative embodiment, for example, the louversmay alternatively be configured with a substantially parabolic shape, aswould be appropriate in 30×60 beam applications.

As further depicted in FIG. 15, the angle (α_(ref)) of the sidewalls ofreflector 23 is substantially the same as the angle (α_(ref)) of thesidewalls of the louvers 110-115. According to one embodiment, the angleof the sidewall surfaces of the reflector 23 and the angle of thelouvers 110-115 may be approximately 60 degrees. In the illustratedembodiment, the shape and size of the reflector and louvers are chosenfor 60×60 beam applications. One skilled in the art would understand howalternative shapes and sizes may be used to produce other beam shapes.As such, FIGS. 13-15 are just example illustrations of the invention.

As further shown in FIG. 15, the louvers (e.g., 110) are formed so as toinclude a plurality of planar facets, or lunes 116, in the sidewalls.Lunes 116 are flattened segments in the otherwise round louvers 110-115.The lunes 116 generally function to randomize the direction of the lightrays and improve color mixing. FIG. 15 further depicts how the louvers(e.g., 110) are suspended some height (h) above the emitter modules(e.g., 100). The height (h) is generally dependent on the shape of theshallow dome 71 and the configuration of the lunes 116. According to oneembodiment, the louvers 110-115 may be suspended approximately 5 mm toapproximately 10 mm above the emitter modules 100-105 to allow asufficient amount of light to mix underneath the louvers.

In addition the features described above (e.g., the flattened domeshape, the rotated emitter modules, the reflector with floating louvers,etc.), the exit lens 24 of the linear LED lamp 10 provides an additionalmeasure of color mixing and beam shaping for the output beam. Ingeneral, the exit lens 24 is preferably configured with some combinationof differently textured surfaces and/or patterns on opposing sides ofthe exit lens. The exit lens 24 preferably comprises injection modeledPMMA (acrylic), but could comprise substantially any other opticallytransparent material.

FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate one exemplary embodiment of an exit lens 24comprising an internal surface having a flat roughened surface thatdiffuses the light passing through the exit lens, and an array ofmicro-lenses or lenslets 120 formed on an external surface of the lens.As shown in FIG. 16, the lenslets 120 may be rectangular orsquare-shaped domes, and may be approximately 1 mm square, but couldhave a variety of other shapes and sizes. The curvature of lenslets 120is defined by the radius of the arcs that create the lenslets. In oneembodiment, the radius of the lenslets 120 is about 1 mm. Although anycombination of size, shape and curvature of lenslets 120 is possible,such dimensions have been shown to provide optimum color mixing and beamshaping performance.

FIG. 16 is just one example of an exit lens 24. One skilled in the artwould understand how an exit lens may be alternatively configured toproduce the same or similar color mixing results. In other embodiments,for example, the pattern on the exterior surface of the exit lens couldbe hexagonal instead of rectangular, and/or the diameter of the lenslets120 could be different. Likewise, the curvature of the lenslets 120could change significantly and still achieve the desired results. Ingeneral, the exit lens 24 described herein may provide improved colormixing with substantially any shape, any diameter, and any lensletcurvature by providing an array of lenslets on at least one side of theexit lens 24. In some embodiments, an array of similarly or differentlyconfigured lenslets may also be provided on the interior surface of theexit lens.

FIG. 17 illustrates a ray diagram for the exemplary exit lens 24 shownin FIG. 16. In this example, the light rays 130 from the emitter modules33 enter the exit lens 24 through the flat roughened internal side andare diffused within the exit lens 24. The scattered light rays withinthe exit lens 24 are further randomized by the array of lenslets 120formed on the external side of the exit lens to produce an output beam131 with substantially uniform color throughout the beam.

It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art having the benefit ofthis disclosure that this invention is believed to provide color mixingoptics and optical feedback to produce uniform color throughout theoutput light beam of a multi-color linear LED illumination device. Morespecifically, the invention provides an emitter module comprising aplurality of emission LEDs and a detector LED, all of which are mountedon a substrate and encapsulated in a shallow dome. The shallow domeallows a significant portion of the emitted light to emanate from theside of the emitter module, where it can mix with light from otheremitter modules to improve color mixing. The invention further improvescolor mixing within a multi-color linear LED illumination device byrotating sets of the emitter modules relative to each other andproviding a reflector comprising a plurality of floating louvers, whichare centered upon and suspended above each of the emitter modules. Thefloating louvers allow a portion of the light emitted from each emittermodule to mix with light from other emitter modules to produce uniformcolor throughout the resulting output beam. Further modifications andalternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will beapparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. It isintended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all suchmodifications and changes and, accordingly, the specification anddrawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense.

What is claimed is:
 1. An illumination device, comprising: a pluralityof emitter modules spaced apart from each other and arranged in a line,wherein each emitter module comprises an array of at least two differentcolors of light emitting diodes (LEDs), which are mounted on a substrateand encapsulated within a shallow dome, and wherein a flattened shape ofthe shallow dome allows a greater portion of light emitted by the arrayof LEDs to emanate sideways from the emitter module than a hemisphericalshaped dome; and a reflector comprising a plurality of louvers, whereineach louver is centered upon and suspended a spaced distance above adifferent one of the emitter modules to focus a majority of lightemitted by that emitter module into an output beam, and wherein eachlouver is configured to reflect the portion of the light that emanatessideways from adjacent emitter modules to improve color mixing in theoutput beam.
 2. The illumination device as recited in claim 1, wherein aradius of the shallow dome in a plane of the array of LEDs is 20-30%larger than a radius of a curvature of the shallow dome, so that theportion of the light that emanates sideways from the emitter moduleexits the shallow dome at small angles relative to a plane of the LEDarray.
 3. The illumination device as recited in claim 2, whereinapproximately 40% of the light emitted by the array of LEDs exits theshallow dome at approximately 0 to 30 degrees relative to the plane ofthe LED array.
 4. The illumination device as recited in claim 1, whereina top diameter of each louver is substantially larger than a bottomdiameter of the louver.
 5. The illumination device as recited in claim4, wherein the plurality of louvers each comprise a substantiallycircular shape with sloping sidewalls.
 6. The illumination device asrecited in claim 4, wherein the plurality of louvers each comprisesidewalls with a substantially parabolic shape.
 7. The illuminationdevice as recited in claim 4, wherein the louvers are configured tofocus the majority of the light emitted by the emitter modules into theoutput beam by configuring the bottom diameter of the louvers to besubstantially larger than a diameter of the emitter modules.
 8. Theillumination device as recited in claim 4, wherein the sloping sidewallsof the louvers include a plurality of planar facets, which areconfigured to randomize a direction of light reflected from the planarfacets.
 9. The illumination device as recited in claim 4, wherein thelouvers are suspended approximately 5 mm to approximately 10 mm abovethe emitter modules to allow the portion of the light that emanatessideways from the emitter modules to mix underneath the louvers.
 10. Theillumination device as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality ofemitter modules comprise at least a first emitter module, a secondemitter module, and a third emitter module, and wherein: the secondemitter module is spaced equally distant between the first and thirdemitter modules; the second emitter module is rotated X degrees relativeto the first emitter module; the third emitter module is rotated 2Xdegrees relative to the first emitter module; and wherein X is arotational angle equal to 360 degrees divided by an integer N, where Nis greater than or equal to
 3. 11. The illumination device as recited inclaim 1, wherein the array of LEDs comprises at least four LEDs, whichare mounted on the substrate close together and arranged in a squarepattern near a center of the shallow dome.
 12. The illumination deviceas recited in claim 11, wherein the array of LEDs comprises a red LED, agreen LED, a blue LED and a white LED.
 13. The illumination device asrecited in claim 1, further comprising: an emitter housing, wherein theplurality of emitter modules and the reflector reside within the emitterhousing; and an exit lens mounted above the reflector and attached tosidewalls of the emitter housing.
 14. The illumination device as recitedin claim 13, wherein an internal surface of the exit lens comprises aflat roughened surface that scatters light rays passing through the exitlens, and wherein an external surface of the exit lens comprises anarray of lenslets that randomizes the scattered light rays.
 15. Anillumination device, comprising: an emitter module comprising: at leasttwo light emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted on a substrate; and a dome thatencapsulates the at least two LEDs; wherein a radius of the dome in aplane of the LEDs is greater than a radius of curvature of the dome; anda reflector comprising a louver that is suspended a distance above theemitter module.
 16. The illumination device of claim 15, furthercomprising a plurality of emitter modules including the emitter module,wherein the plurality of emitter modules are spaced apart from eachother and arranged in a line.
 17. The illumination device of claim 15,wherein the at least two LEDs comprise a two by two array of LEDs. 18.The illumination device of claim 15, wherein the distance of the louverabove the emitter module is within a range of approximately 5 mm toapproximately 10 mm.
 19. The illumination device of claim 18, whereinthe louver comprises sloped sidewalls, and wherein the sloped sidewallsinclude a plurality of planar facets.
 20. The illumination device ofclaim 15, wherein the radius of the dome in the plane of the LEDs isgreater than the radius of curvature of the dome by 20-30%.
 21. Theillumination device of claim 20, wherein approximately 40% of lightemitted by the at least two LEDs exits the dome at approximately 0 to 30degrees relative to the plane of the LEDs.
 22. The illumination deviceof claim 16, wherein the plurality of emitter modules comprise at leasta first emitter module, a second emitter module, and a third emittermodule, and wherein: the second emitter module is between the firstemitter module and third emitter module; the second emitter module isrotated X degrees relative to the first emitter module; the thirdemitter module is rotated 2X degrees relative to the first emittermodule; and X is a rotational angle.
 23. The illumination device ofclaim 15, wherein the louver comprises sloped sidewalls, and wherein thesloped sidewalls include a plurality of planar facets.
 24. Theillumination device of claim 15, wherein a top diameter of the louver islarger than a bottom diameter of the louver.
 25. The illumination deviceof claim 24, wherein the louver comprises a substantially circularshape.
 26. The illumination device of claim 24, wherein the louvercomprises a substantially parabolic shape.
 27. The illumination deviceof claim 24, wherein the bottom diameter of the louver is larger than adiameter of the emitter module.
 28. The illumination device of claim 24,wherein the louver comprises sloped sidewalls, and wherein the slopedsidewalls include a plurality of planar facets.
 29. The illuminationdevice of claim 15, further comprising an exit lens mounted above thereflector, wherein an internal surface of the exit lens comprises a flatroughened surface that scatters light rays passing through the exitlens, and wherein an external surface of the exit lens comprises anarray of lenslets that randomizes the scattered light rays.
 30. Theillumination device of claim 29, further comprising a plurality ofemitter modules including the emitter module.
 31. The illuminationdevice of claim 30, wherein the plurality of emitter modules are spacedapart from each other and arranged in a line, wherein the plurality ofemitter modules comprise at least a first emitter module, a secondemitter module, and a third emitter module, and wherein: the secondemitter module is between the first emitter module and third emittermodule; the second emitter module is rotated X degrees relative to thefirst emitter module; the third emitter module is rotated 2X degreesrelative to the first emitter module; and X is a rotational angle. 32.The illumination device of claim 31, wherein the distance of the louverabove the emitter module is within a range of approximately 5 mm toapproximately 10 mm.
 33. The illumination device of claim 32, whereinthe radius of the dome in the plane of the LEDs is greater than theradius of curvature of the dome by 20-30%.
 34. The illumination deviceof claim 33, wherein a top diameter of the louver is larger than abottom diameter of the louver.
 35. The illumination device of claim 34,wherein the bottom diameter of the louver is larger than a diameter ofthe emitter module.